The practical engineering applications of electrochromic smart windows (ESWs) are severely limited by inherent technical bottlenecks, including complicated fabrication processes, poor cycling stability and difficulties in large-scale preparation. The in-situ growth strategy assisted by nanomaterials such as black phosphorus, MXene, and AgNWs, enabling the controllable fabrication of large-area hydrated tungsten oxide (WO_3-x·nH₂O), Prussian blue (PB) and nickel oxide (NiO) electrochromic films, which show excellent electrochemical and electrochromic performances, such as high modulation capability, speed switching operation, and especially the record of cyclic stability. The meter-scale ESWs are successfully assembled based on these high-performance electrochromic films, and verified the excellent photothermal regulation ability and energy-saving efficiency. This strategy has established a low-cost and environmentally friendly fabrication route for electrochromic films, providing a reliable reference for the commercialization and engineering application of high-performance.
 

large scale,Electrochromic films